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ACT Scores

Guaranteed Scholarships Based on SAT/ACT Scores SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Maybe you’ve taken the SAT or ACT and got a really good score, but you aren't sure how to get the most money out of it. Or maybe you haven’t taken the SAT or ACT yet but are wondering how important the tests really are. One way you can make the most of your score is by finding guaranteed SAT scholarships or guaranteed ACT scholarships. In this post, we'll show you some of the scholarships for high SAT scores and scholarships for high ACT scores that you can get. You can earn thousands of dollars in scholarships based just on your test scores. Curious to see how? We'll show you where you can get scholarships based on ACT scores and scholarships based on SAT scores. Scholarships for ACT Scores and Scholarships for SAT Scores This post focuses on scholarships offered by colleges and universities themselves. Why? Many private scholarships, while lucrative, feature full, college-admission-like applications, including letters of recommendation and essays. Lots of other smaller scholarships are based on essays, personal circumstances, or even your parent's employer. While we are not discouraging you from applying to these, this post will focus on scholarships any student can earn automatically from universities just based on their test scores and GPA or class rank. We will highlight some of the most searched-for universities and best opportunities, but this is not a comprehensive list. We will also show you how to look up this information for any college you’re interested in. Automatic Scholarships for National Merit Before we get into the scholarship list, we'll also highlight another source of money based mainly on test scores: National Merit. As we have covered in past posts, the National Merit competition recognizes the top PSAT (Practice SAT) scorers in each state. While there is a $2,500 scholarship you can earn through the competition itself, you can also get big scholarships from colleges by listing them as your first choice through National Merit. You can get anything from a small scholarship to a full ride, depending on the school. As a rough rule of thumb, public universities are more likely to give more money for National Merit, though there are exceptions. For example, you can get a full ride scholarship at the University of Idaho and the University of Oklahoma. At Loyola University, a private college, you can get $2,000 for being a National Merit finalist.However, at Baylor, another private college, you can get more than $40,000, if you're a National Merit Finalist and select Baylor as your first-choice college. The exact amount is based on your other test scores: SAT Score ACT Score Amount per year 1520+ 34+ $43,610 1450-1510 32-33 $42,610 1330-1390 30-31 $41,610 You can read more about this opportunity at Baylor's website. But this is just the tip of the iceberg of National Merit scholarships. To learn more aboutsponsoring universities,read here. Automatic Scholarships Based on SAT/ACT Scores Now we will highlight colleges that give automatic scholarships based on SAT/ACT scores, as well as qualifiers like GPA or class rank. For these scholarships, you don’t have to submit any extra application information, but in some cases, you have to apply by a certain deadline to be guaranteed the scholarship. Be sure to check out each college's website, which we will link to, for full info. As a shortcut, here are the schools we're going to detail: Baylor University Clemson University Colorado State University Florida AM Florida Gulf Coast University Georgia State Louisiana State University Texas Tech University of Arizona University of Mississippi University of Missouri University of Nevada at Las Vegas University of Oregon University of Tennessee University of Texas at Arlington Utah State University Baylor University In addition to the National Merit award highlighted above, Baylor University also offers scholarships based on SAT/ACT score and class rank. Scholarship Amount Awarded per Year President’s Gold Scholarship $19,000-22,000 Provost’s Gold Scholarship $16,000-18,000 Dean’s Gold Scholarship $13,000-15,000 Founder's Gold Scholarship $7,000-12,000 Baylor does not have set cut-offs for these award tiers but bases the awards on SAT/ACT score and class rank. They do have a scholarship estimator you can use to predict your award amount. As an example, based on the estimator, a 36 ACT with a high class rank (5/500) gets you a President’s Gold scholarship of $22,000/year. A 34 with the same rank also gets you $22,000, a 32 gets you $20,000, and a 28 gets you $16,000. While these are all high amounts, note that increasing your ACT from 28 to 32 gets you $4,000 more dollars each year- $16,000 over your whole college career. Or, to take another example, if your class rank is 250/500 and you have a 24 ACT, you don’t qualify for a scholarship. But if you have that same rank but a 27 ACT, you can get a Founder’s Gold Scholarship of $10,000 per year. In other words, a 3-point ACT increase, which is definitely possible with some smart studying, can earn you $40,000. That’s amazing! Check out Baylor’s scholarship page for more information and to try the scholarship estimator for yourself. Clemson University Scholarship Minimum SAT or ACT Score Class Rank Requirement Amount Awarded per Year Trustee Scholarship (for in-state residents) SAT: 1270 ACT: 27 Top 10% $1000 Trustee Scholarship (for out-of-state residents) SAT: 1360 ACT: 29 Top 10% $7500 At Clemson, South Carolina residents will receive the Trustee Scholarship of $1,000 if they are ranked in the top 10% of their high school class and also have at least a 1270 SAT (Math + Critical Reading) or 27 ACT. Non-residents with at least a 1360 SAT or 29 ACT and ranked in the top 10% of their class will receive a renewable scholarship of at least $7,500. The scholarship page notes â€Å"Students with higher test scores will be considered for these merit scholarships up to $15,000 annually.† So although they don’t have hard numbers, you can double your scholarship if you have higher scores. Read more on Clemson's scholarships over at their website. Colorado State University Colorado State has automatic scholarships based on GPA and SAT/ACT score. Refer to the tables below from their website to see how much you can earn: Merit Scholarships for Colorado Residents Note that score increases net you more money: to take just one example, going up 3 ACT points or 1300-1390 can get you $1,500 more dollars! Merit Scholarships for Non-Residents Learn more about scholarships at CSU for residents and non-residents at their website. Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University FAMU offers a Distinguished Scholars program that covers the cost of tuition for both in-state and out-of-state students with at least a 1350 on the new SAT (with a math score of at least 650) or 30 on the ACT (with a math score of at least 30) and a FAMU recalculated GPA of at least 4.0. If you don’t reach the cut off for the Distinguished Scholarship, you can still earn the George W. Gore Assistantship Scholarship or the Presidential Special Scholarship.The amount of the award changes based on your GPA and test scores: Scholarship Minimum SAT or ACT Score Minimum Math Score FAMU GPA Amount Awarded per Year George W. Gore SAT: 1200 ACT: 27 SAT: 590 ACT: 26 3.5 $5000-$6000 Presidential Special Scholarship SAT: 00 ACT: 25 SAT: 550 ACT: 25 3.3 $3000-$6000 So if you have at least a 3.0, a 2-point ACT increase gets you $1,000 more dollars. Read more about scholarships on FAMU’s admission website. Florida Gulf Coast University FGCU has scholarships based on GPA and SAT/ACT score, but you have to apply by November 15thto be considered. Scholarship Residency Requirement Minimum SAT or ACT Score Minimum GPA Amount Awarded per Year President’s Gold Florida Resident SAT: 1320 ACT: 28 3.9 $5000 President’s Silver Florida Resident SAT: 1220 ACT: 25 3.5 $3000 Blue and Green Scholars Award Non-Florida Resident SAT: 1320 ACT: 28 3.9 $15,000 Blue and Green Directors Award Non-Florida Resident SAT: 1220 ACT: 25 3.5 $10,000 Learn more about scholarships and the application process at FGCU's website. Georgia State University Georgia State calculates automatic scholarships based on GPA and SAT/ACT score. They don't publish eligibility information, but you could earn anywhere from a $500 one-time scholarship to a $3,000 renewable scholarships. You have to apply by March 1st to be considered for these awards. Louisiana State University LSU has three scholarships based on GPA and test scores you are considered for automatically. View the amounts in the table below: Scholarship Minimum SAT or ACT Score Minimum GPA Amount Awarded per Year (In-State) Amount Awarded per Year (Out-of-State) Flagship Scholars SAT: 1490 ACT: 33 3.0 $3500 $20,500 LSU Academic Scholars Award SAT: 1390 ACT: 30 3.0 $2000 $15,500 Tiger Excellence Scholars Award SAT: 1310 ACT: 28 3.0 $1500 $7,600 You can learn more about LSU's other scholarships, as well as the three listed here, over at their scholarships page. Texas Tech University These Presidential Scholarships are automatic and are guaranteed if you apply by February 1st and are admitted to Texas Tech by April 15th. Scholarship Minimum SAT or ACT Score Class Rank Requirement Amount Awarded per Year Presidential Scholarship SAT: 1400 ACT: 30 Top 10% $6000 Presidential Scholarship SAT: 1300 ACT: 27 Top 10% $5000 Presidential Scholarship SAT: 1200 ACT: 25 Top 25% $4000 Note that 1-2 point ACT increases and slight SAT increases could increase your scholarship by $1,000 per year. Read more about the scholarships at the TTU website. University of Arizona The University of Arizona uses test scores and GPA to calculate scholarship award ranges. In-state awards are called "Wildcat Excellence Awards," and out-of-state awards are called "Arizona Excellence Awards." Wildcat Excellence Awards (In-State Students) Arizona Excellence Awards (Out-of-State Students) Learn more about scholarships at University of Arizona at their website. University of Mississippi At the University of Mississippi, you can earn an Academic Excellence scholarship based on your GPA and SAT/ACT score. Their admissions website notes that â€Å"Entering freshmen, minimum 3.0 high-school GPA. a minimum 25 ACT (30 SAT or 1200 SAT-R)† are considered for the Academic Excellence scholarship. You are automatically considered after being admitted to the University of Mississippi. Minimum ACT Score SAT Score Range Minimum GPA Mississippi Resident Award per Year Non-Resident Award per Year 25 1200-1230 3.0 $1,500 $1,500 26 1240-1270 3.0 $1,900 $1,900 + $2,000 towards non-resident fee 27 1280-1300 3.0 $2,250 $2,250 + $3,000 towards non-resident fee 28 1310-1340 3.0 $3,000 $3,000 + $4,000 towards non-resident fee 29 1350-1380 3.0 $3,500 $3,500 + $5,000 towards non-resident fee 30 1390-1410 3.0 $4,500 $4,500 + $7,500 towards non-resident fee 31 1420-1440 3.0 $5,500 $5,500 + $10,000 towards non-resident fee 32 1450-1480 3.0 $7,500 $7,500 + $15,954 towards non-resident fee 33+ 1490+ 3.0 $8,550 $8,550 +$15,954 towards non-resident fee Note that the GPA requirement does not increase over the table, only scores. An ACT increase of one point or SAT increase of just 10 points can get you over $1,000 more per year, and that’s not including the non-resident fee that also gets decreased. See more at the University of Mississippi's scholarships page. University of Missouri The University of Missouri has a handful of scholarships that are automatic, based on class rank and SAT/ACT score. There are scholarships for both in-state and out-of-state students. You can learn more about University of Missouri's scholarships here. Scholarship Residency Requirement Minimum SAT or ACT Score Amount Awarded per Year Chancellor’s Award Missouri Residents SAT: 1390 ACT: 31 $6500 Curators Scholars Award Missouri Residents SAT: 1300 ACT: 28 $4500 Excellence Award Missouri Residents SAT: 1200 ACT: 25 $3000 Mark Twain Award Non-Missouri Residents SAT: 1360 ACT: 30 $15,000 Mark Twain Award Non-Missouri Residents SAT: 1260 ACT: 27 $7000 University of Nevada at Las Vegas UNLV has the Rebel Challenge scholarship for non-resident students. The award amounts are based on GPA and SAT/ACT score, but are first-come first-serve, which means the earlier you can apply, the better. Scholarship Minimum SAT or ACT Score Minimum GPA Amount Awarded per Year President’s Award SAT: 30 ACT: 23 3.75 $,000 Provost’s Award SAT: 30 ACT: 23 3.5 $9,000 Dean’s Award SAT: 30 ACT: 23 3.25 $7,000 Read more about this scholarship here. UNLV also has other automatic consideration scholarships. Here's the scholarship schedule: You can also get additional money ($1,000 per year) if you are in the top 10% of your graduating class, and even more money if you are the valedictorian! If you’re a Nevada resident and want to learn about other scholarship options, check out their freshman scholarships page. University of Oregon The University of Oregon has scholarships that are automatic. The award amounts vary based on your residence status: Scholarship Residency Requirement Minimum SAT or ACT Score Minimum GPA Amount Awarded per Year Summit Oregon Resident SAT: 1250 ACT: 26 3.8 $6000 Summit Non-Oregon Resident SAT: 1250 ACT: 26 3.8 $10,000 Apex Oregon Resident SAT: 1220 ACT: 25 3.6 $3000 Apex Non-Oregon Resident SAT: 1220 ACT: 25 3.6 $7500 Note that if you raise your ACT from 25 to 26, or SAT from 1220 to 1250, your award can increase by $3,000 if you’re a resident, or $2,500 if you’re a non-resident. That’s a ton of money for just a few points! Learn more about the scholarship at Oregon's financial aid website. University of Tennessee To be considered for the Volunteer Scholarship, you need a strong GPA and SAT/ACT score. According to the website, â€Å"Our newVolunteer Scholarship program recognizesstudents with an exemplary academic record based on a combination of GPA and test scores. Incoming first-year studentswho apply for admission by December 1are eligible.† So note the early deadline, and check out the scholarship amounts below: Tennessee Residents Minimum SAT or ACT Score Minimum GPA Amount Awarded per Year SAT: 1490 ACT: 34 3.8 $8,000 SAT: 1390 ACT: 31 3.8 $5,000 SAT: 1330 ACT: 29 3.8 $3,000 Non-Tennessee Residents Minimum SAT or ACT Score Minimum GPA Amount Awarded per Year SAT: 1490 ACT: 34 3.8 $15,000 SAT: 1390 ACT: 31 3.8 $12,500 SAT: 1330 ACT: 29 3.8 $7,500 Learn more about the award at Tennessee's scholarships page. University of Texas at Arlington You will be considered for the following scholarships once you are admitted to the University of Texas at Arlington. Scholarship Minimum SAT or ACT Score Class Rank or GPA Requirement Amount Awarded per Year Presidential Scholar SAT: 1400 ACT: 30 Top 20% of class $10,000 Maverick Academic Scholarship SAT: 00 ACT: 23 Top 50% of class $2000-$8000 Learn more about the award and the application process over at their website. Utah State University At Utah State University, there are automatic scholarships (as well as admission standards) based on a combination of GPA and SAT/ACT score. The admissions office has created tables for both residents and nonresidents that you can use to see which scholarship you'd be eligible for. Residents Scholarship Award Amount Duration Presidential 100% tuition and fees 4 years Dean's 90% tuition 2 years Scholar 60% tuition 2 years Merit 40% tuition 2 years Achievement 20% tuition 2 years Nonresidents Scholarship Award Amount Duration Presidential 100% tuition and fees 4 years Dean's 90% tuition 2 years Waiver 70% tuition 1 year Note that a one-point ACT increase or 40-point SAT increase could be the difference between two years of full tuition and a four year, full-ride scholarship! Read more about admission and scholarships at USU's website. Scholarships With Score Cut-Offs Although many universities don’t have automatic scholarships based on test scores, GPA, or class rank, many use these factors as cut-offs for scholarship consideration. So even though in these cases high scores don’t guarantee you scholarships, they are an important factor in being considered. Just like when you were a kid and couldn't get onto the roller coasters at the theme park, you won't even be considered for some scholarships without high enough SAT/ACT scores. For example, you’ll be considered for a full ride at Auburn University if you have at least a 33 ACT or 1450 SAT and a 3.5 GPA if you are an Alabama resident. If you’re a non-resident, you will be considered for an $18,000 a year scholarship if you have at least a 33 ACTor 1450 SAT and at least a 3.5 GPA. If that’s out of your range, you could be considered for a $4,000 a year scholarship at Auburn if you have at least a 28 ACT or1300 SAT, a GPA of at least 3.5, and are an Alabama resident (They have other scholarships for non-residents, too). Texas AM has scholarship eligibility requirements as well. Under their eligibility section, they note, â€Å"To be considered for the scholarships listed,students must achieve a minimum1360 New SAT composite score (evidence-based reading and writing score of at least 660 + math scores of at least 620), or 30 ACT composite (English + Math, with scores of at least 27).† So are these scholarships guaranteed even if you meet these minimum scores? No. But you won’t be considered for them at all unless your ACT or SAT score is above a certain level. Many other colleges have GPA and score cut-offs for scholarship consideration, so the higher you can get your scores, the more likely you are to earn merit scholarships. How To Look Up Automatic Scholarships The examples of scholarships above are just that- examples! It isn’t by any means a full list of every university in the country where you can get automatic money for your ACT or SAT score. So how do you find that information? Search for merit scholarships. The majority of scholarships given for test scores and GPA are merit scholarships- in other words, they are given based on your achievements, unlike need-based scholarships, which are based on your demonstrated financial need. Make sure to look for pages titled â€Å"Merit-Based† or â€Å"Academic-Based† scholarships. Many colleges and universities have separate pages for merit scholarships that a simple search will pull up. If you do not see one, try searching â€Å"[College/University Name] Scholarships† or â€Å"[College/University Name] Financial Aid.† If you start at the university’s financial aid section, you can find information on scholarships (both merit and need-based) from there. If you can’t find the information online, try contacting either the financial aid or undergraduate admissions offices. Keep the following guidelines in mind as you search: Make sure the scholarships you find are specifically designated for â€Å"Entering Freshmen.† These are the scholarships that will apply to you as a high school student applying to college. See if the college makes a designation between in-state and out-of-state applicants. In some cases, state universities will give bigger scholarships to non-resident applicants since out-of-state tuition is higher. Sometimes there are also differences in requirements and cut-off scores. Check if there are separate application requirements or deadlines. Scholarship money is limited, so in general, the earlier you can apply, the better. Use the steps below to look up whether there are automatic scholarships at any of the colleges you are interested in. Step 1: Searchfor â€Å"[College/University Name] Merit Scholarships.† I'm searching for a college in my home state of Utah. I'll start with the second result: "Available Scholarships." This seems like the most general option, and I want to get the most information right off the bat Step 2: Determine If You Qualify for Any of the Scholarships I see that there are different scholarships for freshman and transfers. Also, note that they say you can apply for a scholarship just by submitting an application. Looks good so far! Under scholarships, I select "Freshman Scholarships." Reading this information, they don't seem to distinguish between resident and non-resident scholarships. They also seem to place a lot of value on GPA and SAT/ACT score, which is a good sign they might have automatic merit scholarships. Scrolling down, I see this: If you see a table or index with GPA and test scores you’re in luck, you’re likely looking at scholarship guidelines or automatic scholarships. In Westminster's case, it looks like these are the amounts they generally give for certain GPA and test scores, though they say the chart is a "general representation," so these amounts might change based on other info in the application. So it looks like at Westminster College you have a very strong chance of earning a scholarship if your GPA and SAT/ACT score fall somewhere on this table. Step 3: Check If You Need to Do Anything to Apply As I mentioned above,there is no separate application for scholarships in this case. Westminster is a good bet for an automatic scholarship, and the higher your scores, the more money you are likely to get. You can repeat this process at any school you're interested in, but keep in mind that automatic scholarships are relatively rare (especially at more selective schools), so you may not find anything. What’s Next? Some schools don't have merit-based scholarships but do have very impressive need-based financial aid packages. However, those schools are often prestigious and top-ranked, and so they are the toughest to get into. Develop a target ACT or SAT score to be competitive for admission at competitive schools. Avoid some of the most common ACT mistakes to raise your score. Also, learn how to improve a bad SAT math score. Shooting for perfection? Get study tips from our SAT full scorer, and learn what it takes to get a 12 on an SAT essay or an ACT essay. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Halle Edwards About the Author Halle Edwards graduated from Stanford University with honors. In high school, she earned 99th percentile ACT scores as well as 99th percentile scores on SAT subject tests. She also took nine AP classes, earning a perfect score of 5 on seven AP tests. As a graduate of a large public high school who tackled the college admission process largely on her own, she is passionate about helping high school students from different backgrounds get the knowledge they need to be successful in the college admissions process. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Current world problem Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Current world problem - Research Paper Example According to an index of 72 countries by A.T. Kearney small, rich, and stable countries tend to be the most globalized (The Economist, 2011). Two of the most globalized areas in the world are Singapore and Hong Kong. The people of Singapore enjoy a higher standard of living than American citizens. The article entitled One Minute Case for Free Trade written by David Veksler discusses some of the cons of the globalization movement. Globalization has taken millions of jobs away from the US as companies are outsourcing their manufacturing production to developing countries that offer cheap labor and lower overall production costs. The reason globalization helps promote efficiency in the world markets is because countries that are good at certain things specialize their labor. For example the Japanese are good at producing electronics, while the United States produces a lot of pharmaceuticals. Each country has a talent they can exploit to increase their gross domestic product. â€Å"Some isolationist argue that foreigners have unfair advantanges due to lax labor or environmental regulations, industry subsidies, or restrictions on import abroad†(Veksler, 2007).

All quit on the western front Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

All quit on the western front - Movie Review Example uous young men that exist on the frontlines of defending their nation, the soldiers, along with Paul, are represented as ghostly figures that exists from day-to-day; facing the ever present reality of death and seeing the untold horrors of war firsthand. As the film progresses, the realization that a hopeless situation has been engaged further depresses these men (Burgess and Heilbrun 55). In short, aside from the ability to take orders and to perform some level of useful work, the entire humanity that is represented within the men on the frontlines begins to fade. This fact is represented clearly with regards to the emotions and expectations that are illustrated throughout the conversations and interactions that Paul faces as the movie progresses. The monotony of horrific trench warfare, disease, death, hardship, starvation, and misery all come together to form a very depressing view of just how horrific war, and specifically the First World War, could

History midterm essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History midterm - Essay Example However, scholars and official argued that for real strengthening to be realized in China, the country should develop basic western institution, including the western government organization and education. The reforms give rise to techniques and military technologies. On the other hand, another reform movement was initiated on 1898 after china was defeated in the Sino-Japanese war. Self-strengthening movement and Hundred Day’s Reforms have some common similarities and differences based on the objectives, achievements and targets. Both reforms advocated for introduction of western education to be introduced in China. Self-Strengthening Movement was more successful because they had foreign language schools, which led to turning foreign languages to Chinese. The reforms enabled Chinese to read and understand foreign languages and there was introduction of education missions, which included navigation and study shipbuilding. Approximately, 120 Chinese were sent abroad between 1872 to 1881. Although the Hundred Days Reforms emphasized on education, the conservative officials banned it. However, the reformers abolished the conservative officials and turned the content of the examination from classical knowledge of current affairs. Education gave a mixture of both Eastern and western studies. Just like the Self-Strengthening reforms, Hundred Days Reforms encourage members of the royalty to go abroad on learning trips. The old eight-legged essays were eliminated and students were to take classes on politics, current affairs and Chinese classical volumes. The self-Strengthening Movement was more successful in developing a relationship with the foreign powers. In this perspective, it led to the construction of the Zongli Yamen in Beijing with the objective of managing the affairs with powers. This reform was a tremendous step for China in embracing diplomatic relationship with

Periodontal Health of Libyan Pregnant Women

Periodontal Health of Libyan Pregnant Women Abstract Background: Pregnancy-related changes are most severe on gingival tissue; those observed changes have been the object of interest for a long time. A number of researchers reported the association between periodontal health of pregnant women and socio-economic status. No study on such subject has been performed so far in Libya. The aims of the present study are to evaluate the periodontal status in a sample of Libyan pregnant women and to identify the association between various socio-economic variables (education, occupation and income) and womens periodontal status. Pregnant womens age, stage of pregnancy and number of pregnancies were particularly considered in the analysis of the data. The obtained data could be helpful in planning oral health promotion and periodontal disease prevention programs for pregnant women. Materials and Methods: A total of 34 Libyan pregnant women in varying stage of pregnancy attending the gynecology department at the policlinics in Benghazi-Libya const ituted the target population. After the participants filled in a questionnaire, their periodontal status was assessed by the researcher using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI), any relationship to socio-economic variables (educational level, occupational status and income) and womens age, stage of pregnancy and number of pregnancies was evaluated. Data-entry and analysis were performed with the help of SPSS. Results: The results showed that the CPI scores tends to increase as socio-economic status decrease. Furthermore, the CPI scores tends to increase as womens age, stage of pregnancy and number of pregnancies increase. Discussion: The CPI scores of pregnant women were high indicating a moderate to severe periodontal disease. Such finding may be related to the fact that the majority of pregnant women were relatively old, in their third trimester, multigravidae, with primary level of education and house wives. Conclusion: The results revealed that periodontal health of Libyan pr egnant women tends to associate with socio-economic status, womens age, stage of pregnancy and number of pregnancies. Therefore oral health promotion and periodontal disease prevention programs should target the identified risk groups. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The introduction will give a description of the context within which the study took place, statement of the problem, description of the country in which the study took place and the policlinics in which the study was undertaken. Also the introduction will provide information on the motivation and objective of this study and the study question. Background   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sex-specific medicine is medicine tailored to meet the specific needs of men and women, based on the results of scientific research. Clearly, more research is needed, particularly as it relates to women. Studies are under way and more are being designed to answer specific questions and determine specific strategies to prevent and treat diseases that have particular impact on women (Krejci Bissada, 2002). Womens health issues have come to the forefront of medical research only within the last decade. This came about only after significant pressure was exerted by physicians and activist groups that recognized that the majority of clinical trials involved men primarily and that sex differences were not being addressed (Angell, 1993). These inequities prompted the Institutes of Health to begin funding research focused on sex differences. This, in turn, triggered other investigations into a variety of womens health issues, and an increasing body of sex-spe cific scientific literature has emerged (Krejci Bissada, 2002). The prevailing medical viewpoint relates to biological functions in the male as the norm, while the female is considered to be exactly the same except for reproductive functions. This has lead to a lack of awareness of the need to study the implications of gender differences in periodontal tissues (Covington, 1996). Although teeth are gender free, the supporting tissues of the periodontium are vulnerable to the physiological variations in the levels of circulating steroid hormones in males and females (Tilakaratne et al., 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the enduring puzzles of public health is why some populations are healthier than others. For years dentists and periodontists have been aware of the effects of pregnancy on the oral health of expectant mothers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pregnancy is associated with great anatomical and physiological changes of varying kinds (Herman, 1923). Pregnancy-related changes are most severe on gingival tissue; those observed changes have been the object of interest for a long time. Many investigators have stated that bleeding on probing and increased periodontal pocket are more common in pregnancy. The severity of the gingival inflammation in pregnant women is greater when compared to gingival inflammation in normal women (Hiling, 1950). All the studies show a high prevalence and an increasing severity of gingivitis during pregnancy. In an effort to determine the nature of this increased inflammation, many more studies have since been carried out. Three main schools of thought have prevailed in regard to its etiology. Some believe in a local etiology (Monash, 1931), others in vitamin C as a primary factor (Hiling, 1950), and others in the importance of the hormonal factors (Ziskin Nesse, 1946).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Socio-economic status is associated with a variety of health-related behaviors. Epidemiological studies indicate that lower SES is associated with poorer health outcomes. A multitude of disease conditions are associated with socioeconomic status, and cause/effect (e.g., social stress as a contributory cause of heart disease) is plausible (Marmot Wilkinson, 1999) Generally, those who are better educated, wealthier, and live in more desirable circumstances enjoy better health status than the less educated and poorer segments of society. Periodontal disease is a common disease in humans that may be affected by the socio-economic status. The effects of the socio-economic status on periodontal conditions in pregnant women have been reported by a number of researchers and there has been speculation as to whether hormonal changes during pregnancy or pre-existing conditions of general, oral health and socio-economic status have a greater effect on the develop ment of periodontal disease during pregnancy. Dentistry can be vital in improving prenatal outcome and maternal or fetal dental health through screening, referral and education of pregnant patients. Statement of the Problem   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Relevant topic in pregnant women concern. No study on such subject is being recorded so far in Libya. Given the possible association between periodontal disease and severe systemic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, periodontal status may itself be a risk factor for mortality (Beck et al., 1996). What has come to the forefront of recent periodontal investigations, however, is the relationship between periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes (Krejci Bissada, 2002). A recent report (Jeffcoat et al., 2001) indicated that the risk of preterm birth was directly related to the severity of periodontitis in the mother. Pregnancy affects the initiation and progression of gingivitis and periodontitis (Brian Perry, 2002) and this disease if left untreated, can lead to teeth loss. Periodontal disease is a chronic condition with an infectious origin. Person-to-person transmission of periodontal pathogens occurs via saliva, and increased frequency of e xposure to infectious saliva increases the likelihood of bacterial colonization (Asikainen et al., 1997). Periodontal pathogens can be transmitted among family members (Asikainen et al., 1997), and familial transmission may be a risk factor for progression to periodontal disease (Zambon, 1994). Periodontal disease was chosen because its prevention and treatment provide a second major part of the workload of practicing dentists. Both dental caries and destructive periodontal diseases are highly prevalent and create much morbidity all over the world because they are very expensive to treat, requiring skilled personnel and considerable amounts of professional time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Understanding socioeconomic influences on periodontal health in pregnant women is important for planning and implementing effective prevention strategies against periodontal disease since many studies have shown that the periodontal disease in pregnant women not only influences their own oral health status but also may increase their risk of other diseases such as atherosclerosis (Slade et al., 2003), rheumatoid arthritis (Mercado et al., 2000), diabetes (Thorstensson et al., 1996), impact pregnancy outcome (Offenbacher et al., 1996; Jeffcoat et al., 2001), and their offsprings risk of developing early and severe dental caries (Caufield et al., 1993; Kohler et al., 1983). Libya   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This study took place in Libya, officially known as the Great Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Located in North Africa and bordering the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya lies between Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Ghad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west and has a coastline of around 1900 kilometers along the Mediterranean Sea (World Health Organization [WHO], 2007). With an area of almost 1.8 million square kilometers, Libya is the 17th largest country in the world by area (United Nations [UN], 2003). The climate is mostly dry and desert like in nature. However, the northern regions enjoy a milder Mediterranean climate. Tripoli is the capital. The main language spoken in Libya is Arabic, which is also the official language. The religion in Libya is Islam. Libya is culturally similar to its neighboring Maghrebian states. Libyans consider themselves very much a part of a wider Arab community. The flag of Libya consists of a green field with no other characteristics. It is the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, insignia, or other details.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main cities are concentrated in the northern part of the country along the coastal area. The six largest cities are Tripoli, Benghazi, Alzawia, Musrata, Derna and Sirte. The total population in 2007 was 6.16 million people (United Nations Population Division [UNPD], 2007). About 85% of the population is urban (UNPD, 2007), mostly concentrated in the two largest cities, Tripoli and Benghazi. The total life expectancy in 2007 was 74 (female 76.5, males 71.3) (UNPD, 2007). Libya is witnessing an increase in the adolescent age group with 32% of the population below 15 years old in 2006 (WHO, 2007). As a result, the countrys population is fairly young, and the proportion of Libyans aged 65 years and over was 5% in 2006 (WHO, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Libya is an oil-producing country, with its main income coming from oil revenue, as well as some petrochemical industry and agricultural activities. Libya receives no external funds as development aid from any source of any kind (WHO, 2007). Health care, including preventive, curative and rehabilitation services, is provided to all citizens free of charge by the Government. Health expenditure as a percentage of GDP in Libya is about 3.3% (WHO, 2007) and health expenditure per capita in Libya is US $222 (WHO, 2007). The Government spends 60 million Libyan dinars (1$ =1.256LD) annually for the medical treatment of Libyan citizens abroad (WHO, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Population with access to health services (urban and rural) is 100% (WHO, 2007). Major hospitals are located in urban areas. It should be noted that the country has achieved high coverage in most basic health areas (United Nations Development Programme [UNDP], 2002). The mortality rate for children aged less than 5 years fell from 160 per 1000 live births in 1970 to 18 in 2007(United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund [UNICEF], 2007). In 2007, 99% of one-year-old children were vaccinated against tuberculosis and 98% against measles (UNICEF, 2007). All payments in the private sector come directly as an out-of-pocket payment with the exception of some banks, private companies and the oil sector, which subsidize their employees medical coverage in the private sector. Some communicable diseases still pose a problem, such as AIDS, hepatitis, measles and tuberculosis. Noncommunicable diseases have become a major cause of mortality and morbidity. The prevalence and incidence of noncommunicable diseases has increased dramatically over the past 20 years (WHO, 2007). Contributing factors include ageing, injuries and lifestyle habits. Cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes and cancer account for significant mortality and morbidity rates and have put considerable strain on health expenditure (WHO, 2007). The main causes of death are cardiovascular diseases 37%, cancer 13%, road traffic injuries (RTI) 11% and diabetes 5% (WHO, 2007).Tobacco use among youths of school age (13-15 years) is alarming, 15% of students currently use some form of tobacco products and 6% of students currently smoke cigarettes(WHO, 2007). Obesity is also emerging as a major health problem. Road traffic accidents (RTA), which result in 4-5 deaths per day and even higher figures for disability, are a major burden of disease (WHO, 2007). It is fair to say that Libya has, overall, made a very good job of providing comprehensive healthcare to all Libyan citizens whatever their regional domicile in the country (Otman Karlberg, 2007). 2nd March and Ibn-Zohr Policlinics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The policlinics in Libya perform a key role in maintaining health in Libyas population. Anyone in Libya can use the policlinics. It serves the Libyan people free of charge .There are 39 policlinics in Libya, with the capacity of handling approximately 50.000 to 60.000 patients. They are out-patient clinic for all medical specialties staffed by specialty physicians in most areas of medicine. This study was undertaken at the 2nd March and Ibn-Zohr Policlinics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 2nd March policlinic is located at Al-Hadaek area in Benghazi-Libya, well connected to other parts of the city and can be reached within 15-20 minutes by car from any part of the city. Open from 8 am to 3:30 pm, six days a week. This policlinic has a variety of different healthcare services staffed by specialized physicians and excellent nursing staff. It comprises eight different departments, namely, dental department, gynecology department, internal medicine department, pediatrics department, public health department, ophthalmology department, first aid department and pharmacy. The dental department provides diagnosis, extraction, scaling and radiological services. The internal medicine department provides chronic disease management, acute illness treatment and follow-up of patients discharged from hospitals. The gynecology department provides family planning to prevent unwanted pregnancies, to manage gynecological disorders and to provide contra ceptive information and services and also antenatal and postnatal care. The pediatrics department provides management of common childhood illnesses. The public health department provides access to the national immunization programme which is a major part of policlinic services, and growth monitoring for babies. The ophthalmology department provides ophthalmological disorders management. The First aid department provides first aid services, bandage changing and minor surgery procedures like dressing and removal of stitches. The outpatient pharmacy provides the medication for the Libyan people free of charge. The typical patient visit flow starts with registering at the reception; then the patient is referred to the clinic according to his/her complain, takes a number and waits for his/her turn, sees the doctor, goes to laboratory or X-ray (if required), sees the doctor again then drops the prescription at the pharmacy and takes the medication or is further referred to the hospital.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Ibn-Zohr policlinic is located at El-Berka area in Benghazi-Libya, and can be reached within 10 minutes by car from any part of the city having the same functioning system as other policlinics in Libya. It comprises four different departments, namely, dental department, gynecology department, public health department and dermatology department. Hypothesis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For this study it was assumed that periodontal disease is common in Libyan women and may be influenced by pregnancy and socio-economic status. This study was conducted based on a quantitative approach to the association between socioeconomic status and periodontal health condition of pregnant women, considering 34 Libyan married pregnant women, varying in age from 20 to 41 years old, living in Benghazi-Libya. To avoid confounders, the participants for this study were recruited at random and from two policlinics in different geographic areas in Benghazi-Libya .The participants were recruited from the gynecology clinic at both 2nd March and Ibn-Zohr policlinics, during June 2009. After filing in a questionnaire by the participants about socio-economic status, the participants received an oral examination by the researcher to evaluate their periodontal health status. All socioeconomic components will be discussed in relation to their impact on the periodontal health of pregnant women. The socio-economic components that were considered in this study were: education, occupation and income. The womens age, number of pregnancy and stage of pregnancy were particularly considered in the analysis. Objectives   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The aims of this study were to evaluate the periodontal status in a sample of pregnant Libyan women and to investigate the relationship between various socio-economic variables (education, occupation and income) and the identified periodontal status.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It will be interesting to compare and to investigate the different components of SES and periodontal condition of Libyan pregnant women and see if some have more influence than others. To analyze and discuss the data in the light of a possible influence of socio-economic status related factors on periodontitis in pregnant women, information about pregnant womens age, stage of pregnancy and number of pregnancies was obtained and particularly considered in the analysis of the data. The data thus obtained could be helpful in planning oral health promotion and periodontal disease prevention programs for pregnant women. The Study Question   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This paper focused on the association between Libyan pregnant womens socioeconomic status and their periodontal health condition in Benghazi-Libya. This study seeks to answer the following research question: Is there an association between Libyan pregnant womens socioeconomic status and their periodontal health status? Literature Review   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This section contains what is known on the most important aspects related to the research question. It will show the past work done on the stated study question and what is known about the problem that is being studied. The literature section provides in-depth information on the socio-economic status history in Libya including a section specifically for Libyan women, and will give in-depth information on the periodontal health, periodontal health and socio-economic status, periodontal health and pregnancy, and on periodontal health, pregnancy and socio-economic status. Methods and Search Strategy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Different methods and strategies to search for information on periodontal health, pregnancy and socioeconomic status were used. Search of the literature for review papers published in medical electronic databases such as PubMed and bibliographies were undertaken using a set of predetermined keywords. The search strategy was initially developed and implemented for PubMed but revised appropriately to suite the other database. Furthermore different individual journals were searched such as the Journal of American Dental Association and others included on the BioMed Central and the Springer Link websites. Additionally, official Libyan websites concerning general information about Libya and socio-economic status history in Libya were searched such as www.gpc.gov.ly. No restriction was placed on the year of publication.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The search strategy involved using a combination of terms relating to periodontal health, pregnancy and socio-economic status to identify relevant articles. For periodontal health, the following keywords were used: periodontal health, periodontal disease, periodontal status, dental status, oral health, oral disease, periodontitis, gingivitis, periodontal destruction, periodontal condition, and peridontium. For pregnancy, the following keywords were used: pregnancy, pregnant, gestation, reproductive, and gravid. For socio-economic status, the following keywords were used: socio-economic, socio-demographic, and socio-cultural, social class, social factors, education, occupation, employment, income and finance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The titles and abstracts of the studies identified by the search were screened for possible inclusion in the review. All potentially relevant articles were thoroughly reviewed. Their reference lists were searched for any related articles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The initial search revealed approximately 630 studies. After review of the abstract and / or complete text and after discarding the duplicates, around 125 collected articles served to identify potential articles that related to this study. The studies were grouped into categories; periodontal health, pregnancy, socio-economic status, periodontal health and pregnancy, periodontal health and socio-economic status, and periodontal health, pregnancy and socio-economic status (relevant studies). Socio-economic Status (SES) History in Libya   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The living standards of Libyans have improved significantly since the 1970s, ranking the country among the ones with the highest quality of life in Africa. Urbanization, developmental projects, and high oil revenues have enabled the Libyan government to elevate its peoples living standards. The social and economic status of women has particularly improved. Various subsidized or free services (health, education, housing, and basic food products) have ensured basic necessities. Many direct and indirect subsidies and free services have helped raise the economic status of low-income families, a policy which has prevented extreme poverty. Libya is not a highly polarized society divided between extremes of wealth and poverty (CIA World Factbook, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Regarding the growing role of women in Libyan society, undoubtedly impressive amount of legislation dealing with womens equality has been developed recently (Otman Karlberg, 2007). Socio-economic Status (SES) Components   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Socio-economic status (SES) is a complex phenomenon predicted by a broad spectrum of variables that is often conceptualized as a combination of financial, occupational, and educational influences (Mueller Parcel, 1981). Socio-economic status may be defined as any measure which attempts to classify individuals, families, or households in terms of indicators such as occupation, income, and education (Marshall, 1998). The social and economic conditions in an individuals life are important determinants of its overall health situation. Most crucial factors are hereby education, employment and income (WHO, 2005). One of the strongest and most consistent predictors of a persons morbidity and mortality experience is that persons socioeconomic status (Marmot et al., 1987). Socioeconomic status is typically divided into three categories, high SES, middle SES, and low SES to describe the three areas a family or an individual may fall into. When placing a family or individual into one of these categories any or all of the three variables (education, occupation, and income) can be assessed. Nearly all epidemiological studies use SES as an explanatory or a control variable, or for the selection of subjects or matching criteria (Wnkleby et al., 1992). Education   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A persons educational attainment is considered to be the highest level (grade or degree) of education they have completed. Education is an important factor contributing to better job opportunities and a higher income, which can again impact an individuals health in a positive manner. Many studies have documented strong inverse associations between education and all-cause mortality (Feldman et al., 1989) as well as life expectancy (Sagan, 1987). Education may facilitate the acquisition of positive social, psychological, and economic skills and assets, and may provide insulation from adverse influences (Wnkleby et al., 1992). Higher education enhances furthermore the access to health information and improves the health seeking behaviour, whereas a low educational level bears a higher risk of inadequate coping with stress, depression, and hostility (WHO, 2005). The most plausible hypothesis is that education may protect against disease by influencing life -style behaviors, problem-solving abilities, and values (Liberatos et al., 1988).Education is available for all individuals regardless of employment status, has high reliability and validity (Liberatos et al., 1988).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over time, education has become the most commonly used measure of SES (Liberatos et al., 1988). Educational level is generally stable after early adulthood, easily reported, and can be collected as a continuous variable (Wnkleby et al., 1992). It is may be the most judicious SES measure for use in epidemiological studies (Wnkleby et al., 1992). In studies that have a cost or time restraint but need a measure of SES as a potential confounding variable, education is an expeditious choice (Wnkleby et al., 1992).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Education in Libya is free for all citizens. The 1969 Libyan Constitutional Declaration states,â€Å"Education is a right and a duty for all Libyans. It is compulsory until the end of primary school†. Libya boasts of the highest literacy and educational enrolment rates in North Africa (WHO, 2007). The adult literacy rate is 86.8% (male 94.5%, female 78.4%) (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO], 2007). The main universities in Libya are: Al Fateh University (Tripoli) and Garyounis University (Benghazi). Significant numbers of Libyans attend university abroad, mainly in the United States of America and Europe (WHO, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the late 1960s, the percentage of females in elementary education was between 11 and 19%. By early 1970 the rate shot up to 37% and by 1990 it had escalated to 48%. The percentage of women at university level developed from 3% in 1961 to 8% in 1966, 20% in 1981 and then to 43% in 1996. By the early 1990 the number of females at all levels of education became equal to the number of males (Otman Karlberg, 2007). Occupation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Occupational status as one component of SES encompasses both income and educational attainment. Occupational status reflects the educational attainment required to obtain the job and income levels that vary with different jobs and within ranks of occupations. Additionally, it shows achievement in skills required for the job. Occupational status measures social position by describing job characteristics, decision making ability and control, and psychological demands on the job. Occupation measures prestige, responsibility, physical activity, and work exposures (Susser et al., 1985).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Libya, commencing with the Constitutional Declaration of 1969, which asserted the equality of all citizens before the law, and the Declaration of the Establishment of the Authority of the people in 1977, which asserted, â€Å"Women and men are equal as human beings. Discrimination between men and women is a flagrant act of oppression without any justification†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The legal position of women was reinforced by a series of important enactments through the 1980s and 1990s, for example women can become judges since 1991, while many work as doctors and engineers in the oil industry (Otman Karlberg, 2007). Women were mobilized in the military and in the political system in the late 1970. There are also women lawyers and pilots. The percentage of women in the workforce is 32% (WHO, 2007). Income   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Income refers to wages, salaries, profits, rents, and any flow of earnings received. Income can also come in the form of unemployment or workers compensation, social security, pensions, interests or dividends, royalties, trusts, alimony, or other governmental, public, or family financial assistance. Income reflects spending power, housing, diet, and medical care (Susser et al., 1985). That better health is associated with higher income is well established.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Income is related to health in three ways: through the gross national product of countries, the income of individuals, and the income inequalities among rich nations and among geographic areas (Marmot, 2002). The income measure of SES can be used as a quantitative measure but is often grouped into categories due to peoples reluctance and/ or inability to report their exact income. The sensitivity of this information is often problematic since many are unwilling to give out their income level, even in broad categories. Further complications with this measure include that it is relatively unstable over time and is age dependent since income tend to rise throughout ones career and then drop after retirement.(Loue Sajatovic, 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The gross national income per capita (PPP international $) in Libya is US$ 14 710 (WHO, 2009). Approximately 7.4% of the Libyan population live below the poverty line (CIA, 2005 est.). In Libya, opportunities for upward social movement have increased; and petroleum wealth and the development plans of the revolutionary government have made many new kinds of employment available, thus opening up more well paid jobs for women especially among the educated young. Periodontal Health   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This section deals with the normal features of the tissues of the periodontium, knowledge of which is necessary for an understanding of periodontal disease. A section specifically for periodontitis epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology and its main signs and symptoms is included. Normal Periodontal Anatomy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The tissues that surround and support the teeth for normal function form the periodontium (Greek peri- â€Å"around†; odont-, â€Å"tooth†). The periodontium consists of the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The gingiva is divided anatomically into the marginal (unattached), attached and interdental gingival. The marginal gingiva is the terminal edge of the gingiva surrounding the teeth like a collar, but is not adherent to it and it can be separated from the tooth surface with a periodontal probe. The cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) is where the enamel of the crown and the cementum of the root meet. The Marginal gingiva in normal periodontal tissues extends approximately 2mm coronal to the CEJ. The space between the marginal gingiva and the external tooth surface is termed the gingival sulcus. The probing depth of a clinically normal gingival sulcus in humans is 2 to 3 mm (Manfra-Maretta, 1990). The attached gingival is continuous with the marginal gingiva. It is firm, resilient, and tightly bound to the underlying alveolar bone. Attached gingiva is bordered coronally by the apical extent of the unattached gingiva, which is in turn defined by the depth of t he gingival sulcus. The apical extent of the attache

What Can We Learn from Pseudogenes? Essay examples -- Biology

After many extensive molecular investigations of gene families, it has become apparent that a large majority of genes have multiple copies of themselves. This seemingly unnecessary amount of duplicates has led to further research, revealing that these ‘extra’ genes cannot successfully code for proteins (Proudfoot, 1980). These genes were therefore labeled as functionless sequences of DNA, and aptly named pseudogenes. This discovery poses many questions regarding the role and origin of these supposedly non-functional genes, but most importantly what else can we learn from them? Unfortunately, DNA that cannot be expressed into proteins is useless in regards to investigations of the molecular clock (Martin, 1990), however further research proves that we can learn a lot from pseudogenes. In order to explore what we can learn from pseudogenes, we need to understand them. Firstly, there are two main types of pseudogene, processed and unprocessed. Processed pseudogenes, also known as retropseudogenes, are sequences of transposable DNA that have been reverse transcribed back from mRNA, but have somehow failed to replicate crucial protein coding elements when assimilated back into the genome (Graur and Li, 2000: Skalka and Goff, 1993). Unprocessed pseudogenes can occur by simple replication of a pre-existing pseudogene, or due to adverse point mutations in ‘normal’ functioning genes that can trigger a frame shift in the original protein code. This frame shift can for example, lead to a mixture of premature stop codons and elimination of splicing sites, rendering the gene faulty (Li, Graur and Shuali, 1989). Initially it was believed that pseudogenes have no purpose, just selfish, parasitic DNA clogging up the genome (Orgel, Crick and ... ...e4573de165161150&searchtype=a> [Accessed 12th November 2010] (20) Nishikimi, M. et al. 1994. Cloning and Chromosmal Mapping of the Human Nonfunctional Gene for L-Guluno-y-Lactone Oxidase, the Enzyme for L-Absorbic Acid Biosynthesis Missing in Man*, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, [online] Available at: [Accessed 12th November 2010] (21) Sakai, H. Itoh, T. Gojobori, T. 2008. Processed Pseudogenes and Their Functional Resurrection in the Human and Mouse Genomes, Wiley: Online Library, [online] Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470015902.a0021000/abstract> [Accessed 12th November 2010] Websites (19) The True.Origin Archive: Exposing the Myth of Evolution.2010. Pseudogenes: Are They Non-Functional? [online] Available at: [Accessed 9th November 2010]

Economics Health Care Essay

Many skilled nursing facilities have used a modified functional nursing structure, with a registered nurse leading in care planning and supervision, a licensed vocational nurse giving medication and some treatments, and nursing assistants performing hygienic and activities-of-daily-living tasks. With a new emphasis on rehabilitation of their changing and ever more acutely client population, they have developed new roles for the nursing assistants. One such role is that of the restorative aide. These individuals receive additional supervision and training related to range of motion, transfers, and other activities and may work in team with physical and occupational therapists. In some states, nursing assistants in long-term care or residential facilities receive additional training to administer oral medications under the supervision of a registered nurse, who evaluates the medication regimen and determines whether the medications should be administered as planned. This function is carefully regulated. Conversations with state board of nursing officials in several states reveal that this practice has been quite effective to date and reflects a trend. Some extended facilities that use many nursing assistants have developed the role of team leaded. These experienced, skilled assistants have exhibited additional leadership potential and are able to help the registered nurse train, mentor and evaluate the tasks completed by orientees. Since this group of assistants often exhibits a fair amount of turnover, the creation of this position has also become a means to develop and recognize highly competent, tenured employees (Hansten, 2004). Recent Labor Market Conditions Shifts or changes in the supply and demand for the labor of any occupational or professional group can have a significant impact on both the short-term employment opportunities and long-term career paths of workers over time. A general level, when the supply of new entrants (measured in actual numbers of graduates and numbers of new licenses or registrations) is maintained at moderate levels while labor demand is high, workers who meet the skill requirements of employers can reap substantial benefits. In such labor market situations, unemployment will be low, and workers will be in a strong position to demand higher levels of compensation and benefits of all forms. Conversely, when the demand for labor is reduced, due to economic downturn, system restructuring, or other factors, while the labor pool or supply continues to grow or remain stable, severe problems of unemployment and underemployment can develop. As with any other professional or occupational group, the nursing profession has been affected by significant changes in the supply and demand forces in the labor market. In particular, the nursing profession has been vulnerable to the dramatic shifts in demand for nursing personnel in the recent years (Hiscott, 1998). Nursing Assistants in the Heath Care Team While the job of nursing aide has existed almost since the beginning of the modern hospital, the position is becoming more formalized as a certified part of the health care hierarchy. This formalization is co-emergent with the growth of nursing homes, which already account for the majority of jobs in this rapidly growing field. Currently, nearly 1. 5 million nursing assistants work in the United States, and the Occupational Outlook Handbooks (1980-81) predicts 94,000 annual openings at least through the next decade, almost all of which will be in nursing homes. One trend in this development is the requirements for certification prior to work. In order to do this work, one must first be certified through a state approved training program as a certified nursing assistant (a title now replaces nursing aides). In classified newspaper columns throughout the country, there are advertisements for vocational schools that offer such training. The schools get many applicants, mostly poor women, who are attracted to the relatively good prospects for employment, the caring-oriented duties of the job, and the possibility – however remote – of moving in the ranks of the nursing profession. Unless one is formally trained in nursing (many foreign-trained nurses work as nurses aides), this certification procedure is required (Abel & Nelson, 1990). Long-Term Care There are currently 12 million people living in long-term care facilities in the United States, and the demand for such care is increasing. The $96.2 billion a year nursing home industry, providing long-term care for people who need medical as well as personal assistance, is expanding particularly rapidly, in part because the population is aging and in part because hospitals increasingly are discharging patients before they can care for themselves at home. But the ranks of nurse aides- most of them women, often immigrant or minority women, who typically provide some 80 to 90 percent of the direct care in these facilities – are thinning. More than forty states report critical shortages of nurse aides and other paraprofessional nursing-home workers. One major reason is money. The average starting wage for nurse aides in nursing homes is $6. 70 per hour, yielding an annual income of $14,000 for full-time workers, most often without benefits. The average wage for all nurse aides working in nursing homes is $10. 12, suggesting relatively small increases for seniority. A study of job leavers by the National Network for Career Nursing Assistants found that even those who like their work often leave because they cannot support their families on these wages. Exact rates of staff turnover at nursing homes are difficult to determine because method of calculation differ, but most sources place the annual rate for certified nurse assistants (CNAs) at between 80 and 100 percent. Such high rates of turnover, combined with cost cutting, mean that most nursing homes are understaffed most of the time. A recently released report of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services found that more than 90 percent of the nation’s nursing homes are seriously understaffed. Indeed, the total amount of direct care given per resident per day in nursing homes averages only 3. 2 hours, well below the recommendations of professional organizations. And time studies conducted by the National Network of Career Nursing Assistants show that in an eight-hour shift it is impossible for CNAs to perform their five main responsibilities – bathing, feeding, toileting, dressing and walking patients – for caseload of twenty patients, not an uncommon assignment (Fitzgerald, 2006). Major Factors Influencing Health Care A range of influences, both external and internal, are greatly affecting the future of the profession for both pharmacists and technicians. External influences such as structural change in the health care economy, the growth of managed care, changes in health care financing, telecommunication and automated technologies, and breakthroughs in drug research and biotechnology are only a few of the forces that will undoubtedly shape the environment of pharmacy practice. Research into the molecular basis of disease and its treatment, multiple disease morbidity and chronicity in an aging population, and the critical nature of interdisciplinary health care relationships and collaboration will impose major challenges that will change our sense of purpose as professionals. Another influence on the profession may well be the heightened expectations of an increasingly informed and demanding public. Many of these external influences may be beyond our control. On the other hand, certain factors may have even more influence over our destiny. These factors include internal forces such as competency expectations and assessments, continuous education, training and retraining, the differentiated nature of pharmacy practice and growth of specialization, and the achievement of the mission and vision of pharmaceutical care (Durgin & Hanan, 1999). Economic Influences A wide array of economic and market influences continue to shape the direction and nature of the health care delivery sector. Market – driven Reforms Glacial yet profoundly fundamental changes have been occurring in health care since the mid-1980s. The Executive Summary of Third Report of the Pew Health Professions Commission poignantly describes the fact that, since 1990, the financial, organizational, and legal framework of American health care has been undergoing a transformation to systems of integrated care combining primary, specialty, and hospital services. The failure of the federal government and political system to successfully enact comprehensive health care reform legislation has given way to de fact of market-driven reforms energized by consumer and employer demands for more services and more intense technology. This problem is further compounded by a growing market trend of health care payers (public and private) refusing to pay the true and full economic costs of health care. Cost Containment A continuing focus on cost containment in health care delivery has led to a fiercely competitive marketplace. In some instances, the vision of success through providing care at the lowest possible cost may well be outpacing the quest for quality outcomes in health care. The continued market penetration of managed care and consolidation and integration of health care provider systems may well result in a survival of the fittest scenario in which only those systems that can produce the expected stakeholder results will survive. Public Demand for Health Care Services Heightened public demand for a broader and improved spectrum of health care continues unabatedly as a result of availability of consumer-focused education and the virtually instantaneous world of information access through telecommunications and the personal computer. As more information about health-related issues, breakthroughs in science and technology, and disease treatment advance, public demand spirals upward. Although health care’s future will ultimately be defined by public expectations, it will at the same time mandate the health care providers continually and systematically assess, ensure, and improve the quality and effectiveness of services provided. Hospital Reorganization The 1990s have ushered in a frenetic pace of price-driven competition among hospitals for the business of third-party payers, managed care organizations, and large employers for the services of physicians, and other hospital services. Hospitals must now compete on the basis of providing levels of care and services at predetermined prices. Financial risk continues to be shifted providers of health care as opposed to those that pay for such care. Much of this shift is a result of the growth of managed care and its impact on exposing excess hospital capacity. As a result of such trends, some hospitals that have not planned effectively or failed to recognize impending change have been forced to close. Hospital closures and consolidations are expected to continue into the next century. Unquestionably, the successful evolution of integrated health care will be determined economically. Yet, the health care industry must not lose sight of its mission to satisfy the needs of patients in the process. The interests of cost and profit cannot be allowed to supersede optimal patient outcomes. In the final analysis, demand for health care services will be satisfied at the price its consumers are willing to pay. Nursing assistants in this case, must market themselves to remain a part of such demand structure and ultimately demonstrate their roles in optimizing patient care outcomes and value (Abel & Nelson, 1990; Durgin & Hanan, 1999). The Future For nursing aides, the employment forecast is excellent. Four hundred thousand new jobs for nursing should open up in the next 5 years, according to the US Department of Labor, which ranks nursing aides as the tenth fastest growing occupation requiring a high school diploma or less in the coming decade. Salaries should increase as well. Many of the reasons for this growth are the same as those that are spurring demand for more home care aides and many other types of direct caregivers; our population is growing, it is growing older, and long-term care facilities and programs for the chronically ill are expanding. Specifically, employment opportunities for nursing aides should increase in nursing homes and other long-term care facilities and decrease in general hospitals which, increasingly, are focusing only on the seriously ill who require high-technology medical care (Swanson, 2000).

Free Essays on Racism Today

Racism has been a major problem in society from the 1950’s until this day. Being racist means believing that there is only one superior race. These beliefs are a main cause in riots, boycotts and other such outrages. Even though there have been laws passed in order to help control racist acts; it has not changed the thoughts of many people today who still remain racist. Race plays a very large role when it comes down to the way the public is treated. In some cases for example, some businesses will refuse to hire another person that differs from their own race. Another example of this is the use of racial jokes, comments and names. Some hypocrites will claim to be anti-racist while they use racial nicknames in their daily vocabulary. After the civil war, most of the race crimes and racial conflicts took place in the southern states, but now these problems have worked their way up North. Now these racial problems are found mostly in New Jersey and New York, two of the most populated states on the east coast. Everyday there are acts of racism evolving from different areas all over the USA. On June 13, 1998, James Byrd Jr., a 49 year old man from Texas, was beaten unconscious and chained to the back of a pick up truck, where 3 white men dragged him along for miles. This is only one example of recent racial violence in America. Although some racism is still involving African Americans, it is becoming more pointed towards the large amount of Eastern Asians now living in the United States. Many individuals don’t like the fact that these individuals are running most of the gas stations and 7 11’s, and so this is where the racial comments and nicknames are started. This jumping off point is where most racial crimes are rooted and grown from. In comparing racism now to 50 years ago, a lot has changed, but also a lot has remained the same. The changes that have been made to prevent most acts of racial violence ar... Free Essays on Racism Today Free Essays on Racism Today Racism has been a major problem in society from the 1950’s until this day. Being racist means believing that there is only one superior race. These beliefs are a main cause in riots, boycotts and other such outrages. Even though there have been laws passed in order to help control racist acts; it has not changed the thoughts of many people today who still remain racist. Race plays a very large role when it comes down to the way the public is treated. In some cases for example, some businesses will refuse to hire another person that differs from their own race. Another example of this is the use of racial jokes, comments and names. Some hypocrites will claim to be anti-racist while they use racial nicknames in their daily vocabulary. After the civil war, most of the race crimes and racial conflicts took place in the southern states, but now these problems have worked their way up North. Now these racial problems are found mostly in New Jersey and New York, two of the most populated states on the east coast. Everyday there are acts of racism evolving from different areas all over the USA. On June 13, 1998, James Byrd Jr., a 49 year old man from Texas, was beaten unconscious and chained to the back of a pick up truck, where 3 white men dragged him along for miles. This is only one example of recent racial violence in America. Although some racism is still involving African Americans, it is becoming more pointed towards the large amount of Eastern Asians now living in the United States. Many individuals don’t like the fact that these individuals are running most of the gas stations and 7 11’s, and so this is where the racial comments and nicknames are started. This jumping off point is where most racial crimes are rooted and grown from. In comparing racism now to 50 years ago, a lot has changed, but also a lot has remained the same. The changes that have been made to prevent most acts of racial violence ar...

Equipment of Marks Spencer Essays

Equipment of Marks Spencer Essays Equipment of Marks Spencer Essay Equipment of Marks Spencer Essay Equipment of Marks Spencer and the machinery would increase in productivity as well as the performance and reputation of the business. Marks Spencer would need to have the latest equipment and machinery in order to carry day to day activities correctly. Marks Spencer would use equipment and machinery such as self check-out machines, electronic tills and trolleys to carry products. The machinery in warehouses would be used in order to make items to the highest possible quality.These machines would need to be updated regularly so that they would not break down and cause day to day activities to slow down. Ultimately, if machinery and equipment are looked after and updated regularly then this means Marks Spencer would be able to operate effectively; customers are likely to buy their items and products which would eventually increase in sales and profit. If customers are going to be happy due to the service provided because of good machinery and equipment then they are likely to stay with Marks Spencer by visiting their stores regularly which would mean Marks Spencer’s reputation will grow over time and once again the sales and profits will increase.In addition to this, Marks Spencer stores have got employed security guards which make a store a safer place to work because there is an instant access to help. Having security is important for marks Spencer because products and items have security tags attached to them on the electronic bars; therefore, if people decide to steal a product or an item the alarm is going to go off at the entrance of the store which would mean that a customer has stolen something. Therefore, security guards will take care of this and make sure that the thief does not run away. In addition, CCTV cameras take great care of being secure at work as well. CCTV cameras operate all day through in Marks Spencer recording everything that is going on. Eventually, having security guards and CCTV cameras increases in performance of Marks Spencer as the employees will feel safe and happy at work and as a result carry out tasks to the best of their ability.Marks Spencer normally has quite big buildings that consist of two, three or even four floors, especially in shopping malls. In addition to this, if there are separate floors such as four floors building it allows Marks Spencer to set a particular floor for particular products and items. For instance, one of the shopping malls in Plymouth has got Marks Spencer store of four floors; the first being men clothing, the second is women clothing, the third is lingerie and fourth floor is children clothing and toys, home ware and the cafà ©. Besides, as the floors are quite big in terms of space, this allows Marks Spencer to have room in order to display a range of styles of the products.If Marks Spencer is able to display a large number of products this means that the performance is going to be increased because as the products are promoted the customers that walk around the store would see the product or an item and might get interested. Customer is likely to be attracted by the product because of the suitable displaying of products in Marks Spencer and as a result they would purchase it. In addition, customers that walk pass the store, might see the display of products in the shop windows of Mark Spencer and this would attract them to come in to the store to look at the product in more detail. Therefore, as customers are likely to buy more products due to displaying this is likely to increase sales and make a higher profit. If the business makes higher profit then this would increase the performance of Marks Spencer.Eventually, human, physical and technological resources have a big impact on Marks Spencer as a business. However, the inability that could to use these resources effectively could appear and this will cause many problems and difficulties rather than advantages

Stem Cell Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stem Cell Research - Essay Example Stem cell research provides potential cures for some incurable diseases such as diabetes, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, multiple sclerosis among others. The damage caused by this diseases and conditions is normally irreversible to the affected cells or organs. Stems cells can be used to induce repair or replacement of diseased or damaged cells thus effectively restoring the functions of previously damaged organs. This way numerous nervous system diseases that are as a result of loss of nerve cells can also be treated. Stem cells also provide potential cure to birth defects, by attempting to correct cellular errors that happened before birth thus clearing the defects. The stem cells are introduced to the affected organ in a bid to induce repair or regeneration. With stem cell research, the effects of drugs and medicine can be tested on particular populations of cells thus eliminating the use of animals and human testers. This involves simulating the effects of a drug on the targeted cell line to establish any adverse effects. Stem cell research provides an opportunity to make cells and tissues for use in medical therapy. Tissues and organs can be grown in laboratories from stem cells for use in transplants since the number organ transplant needs exceeds the number of organs available transplantation. This could also help in future transplants as the patient receives a tissue or organ from own cell line, thus there are no chances of rejection during transplantation (Pillai). The study of stem cells could help scientists understand the normal process cell development and establish how medical conditions such as cancer and birth defects come to be, and how they can be corrected. An extensive understanding of cellular development through stem cell research will grant prevention and treatment of abnormal human developments. Stem cell research has led to discovery of treatments that can help in slowing the aging process and my hold the key to reversing the e ffects of aging, thus prolonging human life. As one’s stem cells age, they are no longer able to regenerate effectively as before but anti-aging products borne from stem cells, seeks out the aging stems cells in the skin, regenerating them (Anti-Aging Stem Cell Research). However, ethical issues crop up as to how and where the stem cells are obtained and the price that is paid to achieve objectives of stem cell research. To obtain embryonic stem cells, blastocysts that are generated by fertilizing human eggs in the laboratory are destroyed. For persons who share the belief that life begin at conception, the act is equivocal destroying human life which is unacceptable (Pillai). Financial challenges bear a significant role in research involving stem cells, in the form of purchases made in regard to buying equipment meant for use in the research (Connor). Funding this research involves investing heavily in a world that is already financially constrained. Just like any other file d in medicine, the issue of commercialization has caused debate on a wide scale. Financial challenges in this case are brought out in the form of ethical issues. For example, introducing commerce in stem cell research makes stem cell tissues and embryos into tradable goods and commodities. in addition, researchers could have commercial

Historical Figures and their impact on American History Essay

Historical Figures and their impact on American History - Essay Example James Madison: In Focus Being the fourth President of the United States, James Madison has had made his signature over the focal pages of the country’s voluminous biography which unravels into the present day. Moreover, James Madison was said to be the beginning of the exceptional constitutional government of America, which until now, can be felt (Rives 2). As a background, the hero of this story came from Orange County but was born in Port Conway, Virginia on a faithful Wednesday on the 16th of March, 1751. James Madison Sr. was in possession of a substantially organized tobacco plant in their hometown. For a boy who grew up on the state of Virginia, it was only orderly to inherit their father’s labor in the plantations. However, James exhibited great potential even in his youth with a fondness for reading and learning and so they made certain to give their child the proper education (Mattern 13). Then the College of New Jersey, Madison received his schooling from Prin ceton but did so in an impressive and condensed time frame. People of great importance over the nation had already caught a glimpse of the strength that Madison wielded through his contemplation and his statements the same emanation of intellectual competence that his parents saw. He was appointed to form the Virginia Declaration of Rights and took part in the Governor’s Council, Continental Congress as well as the Virginia State Legislature (Vile 7 ). These were the significant moments and occurrences on the life of James Madison that were molding him into the wise engineer of the United States. Probing more of James Madison’s earlier stories would reveal the effects of an upbringing in such a firmly intertwined structure of family and relatives. Even while already on service for the Continental Congress, he could not stay away from his home in Orange County. The place in which he took his first breath into the world would also be the last place he closed his eyes at his age of 85 on June 28, 1836. This special association with his relatives had an effect on his political life as well, as the Madison family was known to have ties with the sheriffs, country lieutenants, justices of the peace and members of the legislature in Virginia (Ketcham 6). Most of his life’s crucial works would be reared from his home state. Living at the period of the American Revolution, he was a pivotal force for its success. His duty was not in the line of battle nor on establishing foreign connections and political negotiations. James Madison was after all a cerebral leader. He went on with his patriotic intentions and concentrated on in the determination of the right kind of government for his country (Mattern 6). After their declaration of independence from Great Britain on the year of 1776, James Madison’s role persisted in creating a better government and in effect, rebuilding a better nation. James Madison had numerous, key contributions for the nat ions. One of the very first is his work of the Virginia report during the year of 1787 which would later be the blueprint for a work with much immensity in a substantial degree of significance--United States Constitution (Kernell 147). Along with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, James Madison wrote â€Å"The Federalist Papers† from 1787 to 1788 in the hopes of the people of United States to embrace their work. The